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According to the passage, initially professionals assisted patients with sleep deprivation by ----.
Just a few decades ago, doctors would dispense
sleeping pills as if they were sweets. Today, sleeping
pills are no longer considered to be an appropriate
solution to chronic sleeplessness. As they treat only the
symptoms of insomnia, any improvement in sleep can
only be temporary, thereby perpetuating the cycle of
insomnia and drug-induced sleep. Ironically, many
people initially turn to sleeping pills, as insomnia has left
them helpless and out of control. However, pills can
become a trap that escalates feelings of dependency,
lowered self-esteem and guilt. Then insomniacs end up
having to cope with two stressful problems: insomnia
and dependency on sleeping pills. Most patients prefer
non-drug approaches like avoiding caffeine and
nicotine, but they do not know how best to escape the
sleeplessness. However, some doctors guide their
patients by prescribing the smallest possible dose, to be
used only after two consecutive nights of bad sleep. As
an alternative to supplement the pills, professionals
provide such sleep aids as antihistamines which
produce drowsiness as a side effect. Also, synthetic
melatonin has recently been marketed and publicized as
a natural sleeping pill. Although several studies found
that melatonin was effective for promoting sleep, the
studies focused on normal sleepers, not insomniacs. All
in all, it seems that careful implementation of new
behavioural patterns provides the most promising
results to sufferers.