KPDS 1994-1 Soru=91

As explained in the passage, real professional skills ------ .

The first universities developed in Europe in the 12th
century. By 1600 Western Europe boasted 108
institutions of higher learning, many of which had
obtained special privileges from existing regimes
because of their close association with the Church. In
most European countries, universities were designed
primarily for the sons of nobility and gentry. Scholarly
standards were low, and scholarship was irrelevant for
most professions. Education for earning a livelihood
in, say, medicine or law could be acquired after
college by serving as an apprentice.