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It is clear from the passage that studies on prejudice ----.
Why are people prejudiced? Not surprisingly,
theories of prejudice have tended to focus on the
more extreme forms of prejudice, in particular when
there is aggression and violence. At the turn of the
last century, it was popular to consider prejudice to
be an innate and instinctive reaction to certain
categories of person (e.g. certain races) much as
animals would react in instinctive ways to one
another. This approach is no longer popular, as it
doesn't stand up well to scientific scrutiny. However
there may be an innate component to prejudice.
There is some evidence that higher animals,
including humans, have an inherent fear of the
unfamilier and unusual, which might set the mould
for negative attitudes towards groups that are
considered different in certain ways. There is also
evidence for a mere exposure effect, in which,
people's attitudes towards various stimuli (e.g. other
people) ,improve as a direct function of repeated
exposure or familiarity with the stimulus provided
that initial reactions to the stimuli are not negative.
Another perspective rests on the belief that
prejudices are learned. Indeed, it has been argued
that hatred and suspicion of certain groups are
learned early in life before the child even knows
anything about the target group and that this
provides an emotional framework that colours all
subsequent information about an experience with
the group.