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It is clear from the passage that Mandelbrot ---- .
Before the Polish-born French-American
mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot made his mark on
the world, scientists liked to forget about the
imperfections and irregularities of nature. The study
of perfect squares, triangles and planes had
dominated their field for over 2,000 years, since the
Greek geometer Euclid wrote maths' oldest treatise
"Elements" and provided us with the tools to
measure these flawlessly smooth shapes. Early
question about how to measure the real shape of a
tree, a coastline or anything with a rough edge
could not be tackled by Euclidean geometry and had
therefore been ignored. But Mandelbrot changed all
this when he invented fractal geometry, which
enables us to measure roughness. "My whole career
has been one long, ardent pursuit of the concept of
roughness", he says. "The roughness of clusters in
the physics of disorder, of turbulent flows, of exotic
noises, of chaotic dynamical systems, of the
distribution of galaxies, of coastlines, of stock-price
charts and of mathematical constructions."