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As pointed out in the passage, in the late 1980s, ----.
The most significant political change in eastern
Europe during the late 1980s was the collapse of
communism in East Germany and the unification of
East and West Germany. Although long considered
the most prosperous of the Soviet satellite countries,
East Germany suffered from severe economic
stagnation and environmental degradation. Waves of
East Germans registered their discontent with
worsening conditions by massive illegal emigration to
the West. This exodus together with evidence of
widespread official corruption led to the resignation of
East Germany's long-time, hard-line premier, Erich
Honecker. His successor, Egon Krenz, promised
reforms, but he was nevertheless faced with
continuing protests and continuing mass emigration.
In the end, on 4 November 1989, the government, in
a move that acknowledged its powerlessness to hold
its citizens captive, opened its border with
Czechoslovakia. This move effectively freed East
Germans to travel to the West. In a matter of days,
the Berlin Wall, which had been the embodiment of
the Cold War, the Iron Curtain, and the division of
East from West, was demolished by groups of
ordinary citizens. Jubilant crowds from both sides
walked through the gaping holes that now permitted
men, women, and children to take the few steps that
symbolized the return to freedom and a chance for
national unity.