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Aging involves multiple harmful biological events that
accumulate in different tissues over time and
gradually reduce an organism's state of maintenance
and function. Calendar time, however, serves as an
imperfect measurement of the physiological
processes involved in aging. We all know individuals
who are the same chronological age but appear to be
very different when it comes to physiological age.
Rather than counting years — or gray hairs, for that
matter — modern gerontologists turn to biological
markers, or biomarkers, of aging. These
physiological parameters indicate an individual's
functional level and some biomarkers, such as insulin
levels, correlate with mortality. The presence of such
biomarkers depends indirectly on patterns of gene
expression, which are induced by a variety of internal
or external stimuli.