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The systematic knowledge of a second language that is independent of both the target language and the learners’ first language. |
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The deviation in usage that reflects learners’ inability to use what they actually know of the target language. |
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The mechanism that blocks learners’ ability to perform the permutations in grammatical structures. |
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The process by which speakers make their speech different from their interlocutors’ speech. |
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The variety of language used by native speakers to address non-native speakers. |