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During the second half of the 20th century, ----.
Outside forces have played a major part in the birth and
development of Middle Eastern states as well as in
shaping the environment in which these states have
operated. Since Napoleon’s intervention in Egypt in the
late 18th century, European powers have been an
important part of the Middle East’s make-up – its
politics, socio-economic development and external
orientation. It was the European powers who took
control of significant areas of the region from the 19th
century, and they gave rise to the downfall of the
Ottoman Empire and shared its spoils in the early 20th
century. It was the same set of European powers that
formed new states from territories under their control.
But in the second half of the 20th century, the nature of
outside intervention changed somewhat. As a
penetrated regional system, the Middle East, for all its
active internal dynamics (nationalism, the Arab-Israeli
War, etc.), was by the 1950s subject to the influence of
strategically-driven calculations made by the world’s two
superpowers: the US and the USSR. The superpowers’
calculations not only directly affected politics of the
region, but also the environment where the local forces
were taking shape. For over a generation, the Cold War
between superpowers was the framework of the Middle
East’s regional system, from North Africa in the west to
the borders of the Soviet Caucasus and Central Asia.