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The development of genetic engineering has stemmed from the discovery of DNA in the 1950s. By the 1990s, several laboratories in the West were engaged in the most ambitious medical research ever attempted: the mapping of the human genome, that is, the entire architecture of chromosomes and genes contained in basic human DNA. ---- For instance, infertile couples could now conceive through out-of-body medical procedures.
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As a new form of knowledge in an age of global interconnection, genetic engineering has forced many nations to make changes in their laws and regulations concerning medical practices. |
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In Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere, political chaos, imbalances of trade, and the practices of some pharmaceutical companies have often resulted in shortages of medicine. |
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As AIDS became a global health crisis in the 1980s, international organizations recognized the need for an early, swift, and comprehensive response to future outbreaks of disease. |
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Through this process and alongside it, genetic engineers developed methods to alter the biology of living things, including humans. |
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Moreover, genetically engineered human growth hormone is required by some children to overcome growth deficiencies. |