Nineteenth-century liberals had confidence in science. Not only did science deliver technological and material progress, but it also confirmed liberals' faith in the power of human reason to uncover and command the laws of nature. ---- Evolutionary theory, psychology and social sciences all introduced visions of humanity that were sharply at odds with conventional liberal wisdom. At the same time, artists and intellectuals mounted their own revolt against nineteenth-century conventions. Morals, manners, institutions, and traditions: all established values and assumptions were under question.