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According to the passage, ----
Americans tend to think that varieties of English are
more determined by region than by any other factor,
such as age, ethnicity, gender and social class. The
linguist Henry Smith, for instance, maintained that each
region of American English is highly distinctive.
Scholars who have investigated the matter have been
influenced by the theory of dialect geography
formulated in the 19th century by European
dialectologists. As a result, investigations have
presumed the idea of long-settled and stable regions –
an idea appropriate for Europe but less suitable to the
more recent and fluid settlement patterns of the US.
Even so, American English dialects are conventionally
treated under four headings: North, Coastal South,
Midland, and West. The Northern dialect stretches from
New England to New York and was shaped by
migration from the 17th century colonial settlements.
The Coastal Southern dialect centres on the Atlantic
port cities of the states of Virginia, the Carolinas and
Georgia, formed in a time of plantation and ranch
agriculture. The Midland dialect is spoken between
North and South Midlands according to some
dialectologists while others emphasize its affiliation with
its neighbours and describe it as Lower North and
Upper South. Finally, the Western dialect is used in the
area that covers California and the Pacific Northwest