The literary works produced in the spirit of this
movement deal with the effects of heredity and
environment on a character’s personality and
development. Characters are denied any possible
connection to a religious and spiritual world, and they
are represented as subject to the social and economic
forces in the family, the class, and the milieu they are
born into. Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure, Emile
Zola's Nana, and Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie can
be good examples for this movement.

Which of the following literary movements is defined
in the given paragraph?