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The passage describes one factor motivating people in small towns to behave in an acceptable way as .........
The sociology of cities has been studied by many scholars who have issued divergent and conflicting
reports on the question of what effect living in cities has on people. The single feature that
distinguishes city rife from small-town or rural living is population: There are more people living
more closely together in cities. There is no doubt that living in a major population centre can affect an
individual's behaviour and emotional makeup. People in small towns are aware of informal social
controls: What will the family think? What will the neighbours think? They know how quickly gossip
gets passed around, so their social behaviour tends to be modified by this awareness. In a large city,
these informal controls give way to formal ones — police, courts, jails, regulations and commands.
The breakdown of informal controls throws individuals back on their own resources. Children in cities
usually remain within the confines of the informal controls imposed by family, neighbours and friends.
Adults, however, are more easily freed from these controls. To adults of strong character, this makes
little difference. But to people whose lives are heavily influenced by what others think of them, the
loss of informal controls can be quite unsettling. Such people can become lost in the crowd. Their
personal contacts are superficial: They interact with other individuals only at those points where their
life paths intersect — at work, at the grocery store, in restaurants, theatres or bar, on public
transportation or at occasional social gatherings. In spite of hundreds of casual personal contacts, such
individuals may be quite lonely. They may feel alienated from the rest of society, convinced that no
one cares about them. This loneliness may promote mental illness or alcoholism, drug addiction or
crime. Formal controls, because they are impersonal, are not nearly as effective as informal controls in
regulating human behaviour.